Tu można pobrać książkę w wersji elektronicznej: archive.org

Za autorem" Chociaż ogólnie uznaje się brak prac nad budową, wymaganiami i wynikami nowoczesnego uzbrojenia, próba dostarczenia jej przez inżyniera budownictwa wymaga słowa wyjaśnienia. W Europie ulepszanie i wytwarzanie uzbrojenia, a w Ameryce dodatkowa okupacja wojenna tak pochłonęła uwagę profesji, że kompilacja i publikacja wyników oraz praktyka zostały prawie całkowicie zaniedbane. Podczas kilku wizyt w Europie, w odniesieniu do własnej profesji, autor miał różne i być może niezwykłe ułatwienia w zdobywaniu informacji na ten temat. Jego pierwszym zamiarem, widząc, że wiele faktów nie zostało opublikowanych, było zebranie ich razem w formie jednej lub kilku broszur, z wystarczającą ilością komentarzy, aby uczynić je jednorodnymi. Jednak niektóre relacje z praktyki amerykańskiej wydawały mi się niezbędne Streszczenie opinii ekspertów, profesjonalistów i innych specjalistów, było oczywiście odpowiednie i użyteczne; a ponieważ na opracowanie sprawy poświęcono tylko przerwy w zajęciach zawodowych, czas nieustannie rozwijał nowe fazy, które oczywiście należy wziąć pod uwagę. Tak więc to, co pierwotnie miało być zwykłym zapisem wyników, nieumyślnie i być może nieuchronnie rozrosło się do niniejszego traktatu. Jeśli obszerne i z pewnością ważne fakty zostaną przedstawione w taki sposób, aby pomóc profesji w doskonaleniu wielkiej sztuki obronnej, spełnią się najwyższe oczekiwania autora. Co do dyskusji i konkluzji, powinien powiedzieć, sprawiedliwie wobec siebie, że chociaż nie były one wspomagane przez profesjonalne szkolenie i doświadczenie, z pewnością nie miały na nie wpływu stronniczość, ani zawodowe tradycje i uprzedzenia."

Spis treści w j. angielskim:

1. Standard guns and their fabrication described.
   1. The Armstrong gun. Details of fabrication: breech-loading; rifling; particulars, charges, and number made; proof; service and experimental guns described; cost; endurance; the new british gun.
   2. The Whitworth gun. Principles; fabrication; rifling; particulars and charges; notes on history and cost.
   3. The Blakely gun. Structure; two principles involved; particulars and charges; description of guns; treatment of steel and fabrication; early experiments.
   4. The Parrott gun. Fabrication : material; particulars; ammunition; rifling; endurance.
   5. Miscellaneous hooped guns. Spanish guns structure and endurance; french guns structure, particulars, and endurance; particulars and endurance of cast-iron guns tested by ordnance select committee; Longridge's wire-wound guns and cylinders details of structure and experiments; Brooke's hooped gun particulars; Attick's bronze reinforce; Atwater gun; Bumford 12-in. Gun hooped; Mallet's 36-in. mortar.
2. Solid wrought-iron guns.
   1. The Mersey Steel and Iron Company's guns. The Horsfall gun; fabrication, particulars, and endurance; the Prince Alfred gun; Brooklyn Navy Yard 12-in. gun; new guns for british government - particulars and endurance. The Stockton guns. Miscellaneous solid wrought-iron guns - Thomas's, Ericsson's, Ames's.
3. Solid steel guns.
   1. Krupp's guns. Fabrication; Relative Strength; Weight and Cost; Description of 8 and 9-in. guns, and guns for Russia; Details of Endurance in England and France; Capacity of Works. Bessemer guns. Production and Character of the Material; Test; Prices; Naylor, Vickers & Co.'s gun-steel; Details of test of 20-Pounder; Mushet and Clare's 20-Pounder; Endurance. Mersey puddled-steel guns.
4. Cast-iron gun.
   1. Rodman and Dahlgren guns. Figure, fabrication, and test of hollow-cast guns; Test of new ordnance; Columbians; New guns 20-in. guns; Particulars and charges of U. S. Army and Navy Ordnance; British cast-iron guns endurance, Particulars, and charges; Miscellaneous cast-iron guns and mortars particulars and charges; Russian cast-iron guns cost of guns.
5. The requirements of guns armor.
   1. The Work to be Done. Necessity of Iron-Clads; Unsettled State of the question; Two systems of destroying an Ironclad Enemy; Racking and punching denned and Illustrated; Effect of velocity; One gun cannot do both kinds of work.
   2. Heavy shot at low velocities. Experiments - 15-in. Ball, 10-in. Iron; 11-in. ball, 10-in. Iron; 11-in. ball, 14-in. iron; 15 and 11-in. balls and Parrott 150-lb. Bolt - Various Plates- Late Experiments; 15-in. ball, ironclad "ATLANTA"; 13-in. steel shell, "WARRIOR" target; 13-in. steel bolt, 11-in. iron; 13-in. ball, 4 3/8-in. iron; 13-in. ball and 131-lb. steel shot, "WARRIOR" target; 10-in. Ball, "WARRIOR" target; 150, 230, and 307-lb. bolts and 113-lb. ball, and 12 and 13-in. target; 300 and 330-lb. Bolt, 7½ in. target; 10½ in. ball, Scott Russell's Target; 10½ in. ball, "MINOTAUR" target; 301-lb. bolt and 150-lb. ball, Chalmers target; 150-lb. ball and 300-lb. bolt, "BELLEROPHON" Target; 110-Pounder, Plates on Masonry.
   3. Detaching armor by heavy shot. Considered. Quality of Plates; Fastening armor; Targets compared as to effect of vibration; 15-in. ball better than rifle-bolts.
   4. Solid and laminated armor. Strength compared; Inferior resistance of laminated; 68-pounder and 110-pounder against laminated 6-in. and 10-in. targets; Backing; 130-lb. ball against 6½-in. laminated target compared with 150-lb. ball on 4½-in. solid plate; Cause of greater resistance of solid plate; Solid and laminated armor combined; Wire-rope bolt.
   5. Smashing ships' sides by heavy shot, considered. Cannot be judged from small targets; lllustrations; Popular theory of destroying armor by shot of medium weights and velocities its error; Local effect prevents distributed effect, and vice versa; Examples; Object not to destroy armor, but the enemy within it.
   6. Ductility of armor saves the vessel under very low velocities of shot. Effect of Rams; Ductility illustrated by Thames Iron Works Plate; Difference in quality of armor illustrated by American and English Plates.
   7. Difficulty of adapting the heavy shot system. Difference in range and armor changes conditions of useful effect; Other defects of the system; Too much time required; Armor hurt more than the enemy; Illustrations; Broken plates still a protection against shells; Greater strains in large guns; Blakely's and Scott's calculations.
   8. Advantage op single heavy shot over many light shot. Commander Scott's results; Effect of salvos; Recapitulation.
6. Small Snot at high velocities.
   1. Experiments. Law of Resistance; Quality of armor; 10½-in. ball, "WARRIOR" target; 10½-in. ball, "MINOTAUR" target; 13-in. ball, "WARRIOR" target; 301-lb. bolt, Chalmers target; 130-lb. steel shell, "WARRIOR" target; 151-lb. and 130-lb. steel shells, 4½ and 5½-in. plates; 288-lb. steel shell, 5½in. plate; 148-lb. steel shell, 5½-in. plate; 300-lb. steel shells, 4½-in. plate (Russian Experiments); 610-lb. bolt, "WARRIOR" target; 15-in. ball, 6-in. iron; 11-in. ball, 4½-in. plate, wood backing and pacing.
7. American armor-punching guns considered.
   1. Conditions of greatest effect. Law of Penetration; Examples; Conditions of high velocity; Mr. M. Scott's and Sir W. Armstrong's views; Velocity of round and rifled shots; Remediable defects of the smooth-bore; Captain Fishbourne's views; Greater liability of balls to waste power in self-destruction, and their greater penetrating area; Effect of lead shot on iron plates; Merits and defects of Light elongated projectiles.; Sub-calibre projectiles; Necessity of rifling; Armor-punching shells; Long range Fighting; Loss of velocity of round shot.
   2. Range of iron-clad warfare. Probability of Short Range; Importance of rifles for other purposes; Kind of rifles required.
   3. Shot of large diameters. Ranges of large balls 13-in., 15-in., 9,22-in.; Strain of large balls on the gun; Professor Treadwell's Views.
   4. Merits and defects of the system. Least Power wasted by high velocities and at short ranges; Destructive effects in turrets; Splinters; Illustrations; Sir Howard Douglass's views; Advantage of laminated armor in this regard; Punching below water; Mr. Whitworth's Experiments; Armor punching shells; Effects considered.
8. The two systems combined.
   1. Merits and defects of each reviewed; The two kinds of shot prepare the way for each other, and less power is wasted. General conclusions.
9. Breaching masonry.
   1. Abstract of report of ordnance select committee on breaching martello towers with smooth-bored and rifled guns. Towers, guns, and charges; Expenditure of ammunition; Masonry displaced; Times of plight; Velocity; Conclusions on the value of different projectiles.
   2. Breaching fort Pulaski (From the report of General Gillmore). Description of work; Shot fired; Guns; Penetration; Conclusions.
   3. Breaching fort Sumter (From the Report of General Gillmore). The Work; Ranges and nature of batteries; Projectiles thrown; Character of breach.
   4. Breaching fort Wagner (From the Report of General Gillmore). Metal required to remove sand armor.
10. The strains and structure of guns.
    1. Resistance to elastic pressure. Pressure. Four kinds of strains brought on guns, and their relation.
       1. Increasing the thickness of the walls. Rule for Increase of strength ; Illustrations; Captain Blakely's, Professor Treadwell's, and Mr. Longridge's demonstrations.
    2. Hoops with initial tension. Theory; Professor Treadwell's plan; Another use of hoops.
       1. Defects of the system. Want of continuity; Mr. Longridge's demonstration; Theoretical accuracy of tension; Difficulty of attaining it.
       2. Forcing on hoops. Shrinking on hoops; Unequal shrinkage of metal; Experiments; Want of continuity of substance; Permanent enlargement of hoops under strain; Elasticity; Safety due to ductile hoops; Influence of ranges
          of elasticity in different parts; Defects of wrought-iron hoops in this regard.
       3. Longitudinal strength. Dahlgren's breech-strap; Views of Siemens, Blakely, Parsons, and Lancaster; How provided by Whitworth, Lancaster, Blakely, Parrott, and Armstrong; Length of hoops.
       4. Wire-wound tubes. Defects and advantages.
    3. Hoops with varying elasticity. Theory; Advantages; Notes on the origin of the system; Experiments; Mr. Parsons' s method and demonstration; Defects; Captain Palliser's theory, method, and experiments; Captain Blakely's specification and practice.
11. The effects of vibration.
12. The effects of heat.
    1. Theory; Mr. Wiard's views; Remedy; Conclusions.
13. Cannon metals and processes of fabrication.
    1. Elasticity and ductility.
       1. Elasticity. Use; Limit of in metals experiments; Heavy and light forgings; Statements of Colburn, Clark, Mallet, and Anderson.
       2. Ductility. Gain of strength by stretching experiments; Effect of sudden vibration and different rates of application of force; Experiments; Safety of ductility in guns; Work done in stretching metals to and beyond the elastic limit; Mr. Mallet's reasoning and illustrations.
    2. Cast Iron.
       1. Weakness a serious objection; Tensile strength; American and British irons; Rifled guns; Endurance of guns; Greater shrinkage of strong irons experiments cause; Want of uniformity in the same and different irons; Chemical differences; Detection of failure in guns.
       2. Defects in founding. Solid-cast guns; Initial strains; Effect of time in removing strains; Effect of heat of firing; Want of density in the grim.
       3. Improvements in founding rodman's process. Hollow casting; Objects; Requirements; Effects of rapid and slow cooling; Defects from exterior cooling; Actual state of strain in the gun; Advantages; Effects of heat of firing; Density of metal.
       4. Wiard's process. Object; Structure of gun; Probable advantages and defects; State of strain; Effect of heat of firing.
       5. Shape or guns. Effect of Re-entering angles on initial strength.
       6. Resistance to concussion and wear.
       7. Weight and cost.
    3. Wrought iron.
       1. Tensile Strength; Uniformity; Deterioration causes; Detection of weakness; Safety; Resistance to compression and wear; Experiments; Testimony about Armstrong guns; Compression of gun-chambers; Hardness; Manner of corrosion.
       2. Want of homogeneity. Welds; Strength of coils in Armstrong gun; Shape; Weight and cost of guns.
       3. Systems of fabricating - wrought-iron guns solid forging. Defects imperfect welds; Causes; Maintained heat; Longitudinal direction of fibre; Effect of; Small hammers; Effects of; Unequal cooling and contraction; Experiments and illustrations; Strength of iron in large forgings; Advantages of the process; Failure of forged guns; the "Peacemaker;" Fabrication; Appearance of fracture; Strength of metal; Professional opinions.
       4. Hollow forging and rolling. Mersey Iron and Steel Company's process; Griffen's process; Rolling up a gun from a plate; Yeakel's plan; Ames's process.
       5. The Armstrong gun. Process of fabrication; Leading features; Advantages of the system; Strength and endurance of guns; Guns returned for repair; Nature of injury. Defects of the system; Failures before Issue; Softness and compression by the powder-gas; Examples; Stretching of hoops ; Fracture due to vibration; Failure of 10½-in. guns; Causes; Defects of 120-Pounder shunt and small guns; Defective welds; Resistance to enemies' shot; The system for heavy guns considered; Great cost of the process.
       6. Welding. Nature of the process; How to perfect it; Cinder; Shape of surfaces; Exclusion of oxide; Gas welding; Bertram's process and results.
       7. Hitchcock's system of fabricating guns. Description; Principles; Comparison with Armstrong system; Making hoops of iron and steel.
    4. Steel.
       1. High and low steel defined; Uses of elasticity and ductility iron and steel compared; Work of guns and armor-plates compared; Steel hoops; Cost, Weight, Quality; Improvements and prospects of the steel manufacture; Causes of previous failure of steel guns; Strength of steel; Uniformity; Temper test by specific gravity; Effect of treatment; Resistance to compression and wear; Strains on a homogeneous tube remedies.
       2. Methods op producing steel. Puddled steel; Low crucible Steel; Krupp's steel specimens exhibited; Bessemer steel process illustrated to be used in America specimens produced; Aboukoff's steel: French and American experiments.
       3. Systems op fabrication. Solid forging; Forging hollow; Compressing by hydraulic machinery; Rolling and joining hoops; Solid Cast-steel guns.
    5. Bronze.
       1. Properties; Fitness for guns; Strength; Difficulties of manufacture; Where and how successfully used.
    6. Other alloys.
       1. Phosphorus and aluminium with copper properties and strength; Sterro-Metal; Austrian and English experiments on its strength and properties.
       2. Conclusions.
14. Rifling and projectiles standard forms and practice described.
    1. Early experiment.
       1. Russian; Cavalli's; Wahrendorf's; Timmerhaus's; Germs of all the present systems.
    2. The Centering System.
       1. Explanation; Modifications; French, early, present, and experimental; Field and naval Guns.
       2. Austrian. Early; Modern for Gun-cotton ; Eccentric shot; Russian; Spanish; French system in other European countries.
       3. Lancaster. In the Crimea; Experimental. "HADDAN"; Early and experimental.
       4. Whitworth. Principles and improvements illustrated; Machine-dressed projectiles; Standard projectiles; Tables of practice.
       5. Scott's "Centrical" system; Explanation; Experimental projectiles; Lynall Thomas's new system; Like Scott's; practice.
       6. Sawyer; Pattison.
    3. The compresing system.
       1. Explanation; Early Prussian.
       2. Armstrong. Principles and changes ; Going out of use ; Coating projectiles with lead; Segmental shell; Cartridges; Tables of practice; Armstrong and Whitworth competition.
       3. Shunt. Principles and operation; Changes; Table of practice; Particulars and results of 600-pounder; Russian shunt rifling; Particulars.
    4. The expansion system.
       1. Explanation; American system; James; Hotchkiss; Lynall Thomas's early results; Schenkl; Reed; Blakely.
       2. Parrott; Particulars; Diagrams of accuracy; Tables of range, pressure, practice, and endurance.
       3. Stafford, Buckle, Jeffery, Britten; Experiments and charges.
    5. Armor-punching projectiles.
       1. Whitworth; Manufacture of shot and shells; How shells are fired; Early practice.
       2. Scott; Parrott; Stafford; Bates.
    6. Shells for molten metal.
       1. Lancaster; Scott.
    7. Competitive trial of rifled guns, 1862.
       1. Description of guns; Britten; Thomas; Jeffery; Haddan; Lancaster; Scott; French; Shunt; Cost of projectiles; Tables of particulars; Endurance; Accuracy; Adaptation to round shot; Efficiency of shell; Liability to injury; Velocity, etc.; Conclusions of committee.
15. Duty of rifled guns.
    1. General uses especially; Use in naval warfare; Velocity the most important consideration; Object of rifling.
    2. Accuracy. Effects of want of symmetry, and remedy; position of centre of gravity; Friction against the air; Drift; Rate of twist; Views of Mr. Longridge, Captain Blakely, Mr. Whitworth, etc.; character of the projectile expanded
       and compressed shot; Views of Major Owen, commander scott, etc.
    3. Range. Conditions; Mr. Britten's conclusions; Form of projectile; Results of experiments.
    4. Velocity. Conditions; Systems compared; Disadvantages of Armstrong's; Windage advantages in rifled guns; French Experiments; Atwater gun.
    5. Strain. Failure of cast-iron guns; Weight of projectile; Twist of rifling; Wedging of projectile; Lancaster and Whitworth guns experiments at Woolwich; Character of groove Scott's system shunt; Increasing twist; Character of projectile; systems compared.
    6. Liability of projectile to injury. Systems compared.
    7. Firing spherical shot from rifled guns. Systems of rifling compared.
    8. Material for armor-punching projectiles. Cause of superiority of steel; Results of experiments.
    9. Shape of armor-punching projectiles. Mr. Fairbairn's experiments.
    10. Capacity and destructiveness of shells.
    11. Elongated shot from smooth-bores. Mr. Michael Scott's views; Schemes Bessemer's; Mackay's.
    12. Conclusions.
    13. Velocity of projectiles (table).
16. Breech-loading.
    1. Advantages and defects of tbe system.
       1. The practice with Large G-uns against it in the United States, Russia, and England; Small breech-loaders in France and on the continent.
       2. Material not adequate in large guns weakened by breech-loading parts.
       3. Gun strained by heat of gases when rapidly fired remedy; Minor objections; Professional opinions.
       4. Great advantage fast firing; Sighting takes more time; When fast firing is important; Time of firing with breech-loaders and smooth-bores, Large and small; Probability of quicker loading heavy guns from the muzzle.
       5. Convenience of breech-loading in turrets.
    2. Rapid firing and cooling guns by machinery.
       1. Advantages; Fewer guns and more rounds; Stevens's steam loading and cooling machinery described; use on the "NAUGATUCK"; Experiments; Many plans for working heavy guns allow steam loading and cooling.
    3. Standard breech-loaders described.
       1. Armstrong. Screw breech-loader described; Material; Gas-check; Defects; Endurance; Wedge breech-loader described; Rapidity of fire.
       2. Krupp. Breech-loader described; Forma of gas-check; Good endurance of trial guns; advantages.
       3. Broadwell; Storm.
       4. French. Adapted from American plan; Description; Why old plan failed; Adopted in England; Advantages.
       5. Blakely; Nasmyth failure of ordinary screw.
       6. Whitworth; Similar plans; Clay; Cavalli; Wahrendorf; Prussian; Adams; Conclusions.
17. Experiments against armor.
    1. Account of Experiments from Official Records, in Chronological Order.
       1. Stevens, U. S., 1812; Paixhans, France; Ford on Protected Masonry, England.
       2. Stevens, 1841; Thin Plates, England, 1846 to 1856, and 5/8-in. Plates, 1850, and 4½-in. Plates, 1854.
       3. Totten, U. S., Embrasures, 1853 to 1855.
       4. Floating Batteries, Kinburn, 1855; Stevens, U S., 1856; Burgoyne, French.
       5. Cast-Iron Blocks, England, 1857.
       6. 4-in. Iron - Steel, England, 1856-7.
       7. Firing through Water, England, 1857.
       8. Comparison of 68-Pounders and 32-Pounders; Whitworth; 8-in. Plate, England, 1858.
       9. Thorneycroft 14-in. Target, England, 1859.
       10. Special Committee, England, 1859; various Plates.
       11. The "TRUSTY".
       12. 4½ in.- Plates, Armstrong Gun, 1859.
       13. Jones's Inclined Target.
       14. Comparison of Elongated and Spherical Projectiles, 1860.
       15. Thorneycroft 10-in. Target.
       16. Iron Embrasure, Special Committee, 1861.
       17. Thorneycroft 10-in. and 8-in. Shields.
       18. Different Qualities of Iron and Steel, England.
       19. Armor on Brick-work.
       20. Inclined Plates ; 6½-in. and 4½-in Plates ; Roberts's Target ; Fairbairn's First Target, England, 1861.
       21. Captain Cole's Cupola.
       22. Various Backings, England, 1861.
       23. "WARRIOR" target, England, 1861.
       24. Hawkshaw's 6-in. and 10-in. Laminated Shields; "WARRIOR" target, and "ALFRED" Gun.
       25. Conclusions up to 1862.
       26. Stevens's Laminated Armor, U. S., 1862.
       27. "Committee" Target, England, 1862.
       28. "WARRIOR" and "Committee" Targets, England, 1862;
       29. 2-in., 2,35-in., 3-in., and 4,5-in. Plates; Scott Russell's and Samuda's Targets, England, 1862;
       30. "MINOTAUR" Target, England, 1862.
       31. "WARRIOR" target; Whitworth Shells, England, 1862.
       32. "WARRIOR" target; Horsfall Gun, England, 1862.
       33. Firing through Water, England, 1862.
       34. Inglis's Shield, England, 1862.
       35. Millboard Backing, England, 1862.
       36. Wire Target; Inclined Laminated Targets; 4½-in. Plates, and Rubber and Oak Backing, U. S., 1862.
       37. 8-in. Plate, Parrott Gun; Iron-Clad "ATLANTA"; 10-in. Solid and Laminated Targets; 15 and 11-inch Guns, U. S., 1863.
       38. 14-in. Target; Laminated Target; 4½-in. Plate; Nashua Target, U. S., 1863.
       39. 5½, 6½, and 7½-in., Brown's Target, England, 1863.
       40. 4½-in. Solid Plate, Rubber Facing and Wood Backing, U. S., 1863.
       41. Chalmers's Target; Clark's Target ; England, 1863.
       42. 4½-in. Plate, 12-in. Oak Facing, 20-in. Backing; Sandwiched Iron and Rubber, U. S., 1863.
       43. "WARRIOR" target, St. Petersburg, 1863.
       44. "BELLEROPHON" Target, England, 1863.
       45. 13-in. 610-lb. Shell, 4½-in. Plate, 11-in. Plate, and 6½-in. Plate, England, 1863-4.
       46. 15-in. and 11-in. Balls and Parrott Shot; Various Plates, U. S., 1863-4.
       47. Steel Shot against Armor, England, 1863-4.
       48. Nasmyth's Wool Target, England; Brady's Hog's-hair Target, U. S., 1864.
       49. Mantelets for Embrasures.
       50. "LA FLANDRE" Target.
18. Appendix.
    1. Report on the Application of Gun-Cotton to Warlike Purpose; British Association, 1863.
       1. Chemical Considerations.
       2. Mechanical Considerations.
       3. Practical Applications; Experiments against Palisades, Bridges, and Ships.
       4. ystem of Manufacture as carried on in Austria.
       5. Composition and Properties.
       6. Hydroscopic Qualities.
       7. Information given by Baron Lenk, concerning Manufacture, Nature, and Application.
       8. Report by Professors Redtenbacher, Schrötter, and Schneider.
    2. Manufacture and Experiments in England.
       1. Nature, Application, and Theory of Explosion - Scott Russell.
    3. Guns Hooped with Initial Tension History.
       1. Thiery, 1834.
       2. Chambers, 1849.
       3. Treadwell, 1855.
       4. Blakely, 1855.
       5. Armstrong, Blakely, Treadwell - Evidence from the Report of the "Select Committee on Ordnance," on the Question between Blakely and Armstrong, as to Hooping and Material; Treadwell vs. Armstrong, as to the Method of making Wrought-iron Tubes.
       6. Parrott's Patents of 1861 and 1862.
19. How Guns Burst, by Mr. Wiard.
20. Lymau's Accelerating Gun.
21. Endurance of Parrott and Whitworth Guns at Charleston.
22. Hooping old United States Cast-iron Guns.
23. Endurance and Accuracy of the Armstrong 600-Pounder.
24. Competitive Trials with 7-in. Guns.